6 Next-step deep space exploration projects are under development, such as the United States-led Artemis programme-which aims to reopen exploration of the Moon and eventually develop outposts on Mars and asteroids. 5 The first commercial space station is also slated for completion in the next decade. Powers such as China, the European Union, France, Germany, India, Japan, NATO, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States have publicly announced space forces and continue to build space infrastructure, with plans for at least five new space stations by 2030 in the works. ![]() Space programmes are still widely seen as a sign of national prestige, as they project geopolitical and military power as well as have scientific and commercial significance. ![]() 3 However, the largest growth is still expected to come from industries that are already expanding digital connectivity on Earth, such as direct-to-consumer broadband access. With this more cost-effective access to space, attention is increasingly shifting to new opportunities in areas such as hyperspectral remote sensing, energy generation, manufacturing, mining and tourism. 2 Lower costs bring more opportunity for a greater diversity of actors to launch constellations of smaller satellites. 1 More recently, in the last decade, the financing of new applications for space-based initiatives has grown fast: businesses, start-ups, and research entities are proliferating, raising money in the billions, and thereby driving down the cost of launch systems, particularly in LEO (see Figure 5.1). ![]() The traditional Geostationary Orbit (GEO) commercial satellite market, which has dominated the communications sector for decades, is now losing commercial value because of competition from new players seeking to provide services from LEO or MEO.
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